Title: World Geography Atlas — LearnCoachAssist

Q: What is the largest continent by area?
A: Asia, about 44.5 million km².

Q: What is the smallest continent by area?
A: Australia (Oceania), about 8.6 million km².

Q: Which is the longest river in the world?
A: The Nile, at roughly 6,650 km (some sources put the Amazon longer).

Q: Which is the largest river by discharge volume?
A: The Amazon.

Q: What is the world's tallest mountain above sea level?
A: Mount Everest, 8,849 m.

Q: What is the world's deepest ocean trench?
A: The Mariana Trench in the Pacific, ~10,935 m at Challenger Deep.

Q: Which is the largest desert in the world?
A: The Antarctic Polar Desert; for hot deserts, the Sahara.

Q: Which country has the most neighbors?
A: China and Russia each border 14 countries.

Q: Which country is the largest by area?
A: Russia, ~17.1 million km².

Q: Which country is the most populous as of 2024?
A: India.

Q: What is the capital of Australia?
A: Canberra.

Q: What is the capital of Canada?
A: Ottawa.

Q: What is the capital of Brazil?
A: Brasília.

Q: What is the capital of New Zealand?
A: Wellington.

Q: What is the capital of South Africa (executive)?
A: Pretoria.

Q: What is the longest mountain range in the world?
A: The Andes in South America, about 7,000 km.

Q: What is the highest mountain range in the world?
A: The Himalayas.

Q: Which strait separates Europe and Africa at its narrowest?
A: The Strait of Gibraltar.

Q: Which river forms much of the border between the US and Mexico?
A: The Rio Grande (Río Bravo).

Q: What body of water lies between Saudi Arabia and Africa?
A: The Red Sea.

Q: What ocean is the largest?
A: The Pacific Ocean.

Q: What is the second-largest ocean?
A: The Atlantic Ocean.

Q: What is the smallest ocean?
A: The Arctic Ocean.

Q: What landlocked sea is the world's largest enclosed body of water?
A: The Caspian Sea.

Q: What is the lowest land elevation on Earth?
A: The Dead Sea shore, about 430 m below sea level.

Q: Which river is sacred to Hinduism?
A: The Ganges.

Q: Where is the Atacama Desert?
A: Northern Chile.

Q: What's the capital of Egypt?
A: Cairo.

Q: What's the capital of Nigeria?
A: Abuja.

Q: What's the capital of Kenya?
A: Nairobi.

Q: What's the capital of Argentina?
A: Buenos Aires.

Q: What's the capital of Chile?
A: Santiago.

Q: What's the capital of Peru?
A: Lima.

Q: What is the largest country in Africa by area?
A: Algeria.

Q: What is the most populous country in Africa?
A: Nigeria.

Q: What is the largest country in South America?
A: Brazil.

Q: What is the most populous city in the world?
A: Tokyo metropolitan area (about 37 million).

Q: What is the capital of Indonesia?
A: Jakarta (Nusantara is being developed as a new capital).

Q: What is the capital of Vietnam?
A: Hanoi.

Q: What is the capital of Thailand?
A: Bangkok.

Q: What sea separates Saudi Arabia from Iran?
A: The Persian Gulf.

Q: What is the Roof of the World?
A: The Pamir Mountains and Tibetan Plateau.

Q: What plateau covers most of Tibet?
A: The Tibetan Plateau.

Q: What is the largest hot desert?
A: The Sahara.

Q: What is the world's largest island?
A: Greenland.

Q: What is the largest island in the Mediterranean?
A: Sicily.

Q: What sea lies between Greece and Turkey?
A: The Aegean Sea.

Q: What is the lowest country (by mean elevation)?
A: The Maldives.

Q: What is the highest country by mean elevation?
A: Bhutan or Nepal — countries in the Himalayas; Bhutan averages above 3,200 m.

Q: What strait separates Asia and North America?
A: The Bering Strait.

Q: What is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume?
A: Lake Baikal in Russia.

Q: What is the largest freshwater lake by surface area?
A: Lake Superior.

Q: What is the largest lake by surface area overall?
A: The Caspian Sea (saline).

Q: What river runs through Paris?
A: The Seine.

Q: What river runs through London?
A: The Thames.

Q: What river runs through Rome?
A: The Tiber.

Q: What river forms the border between Germany and Poland in part?
A: The Oder.

Q: Which mountain is sacred to Greek mythology?
A: Mount Olympus.

Q: What is the active volcano near Naples?
A: Mount Vesuvius.

Q: What is the largest active volcano in the world?
A: Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Q: What is the capital of Iceland?
A: Reykjavík.

Q: What is the capital of Norway?
A: Oslo.

Q: What is the capital of Sweden?
A: Stockholm.

Q: What is the capital of Finland?
A: Helsinki.

Q: What is the capital of Denmark?
A: Copenhagen.

Q: What is the capital of Greece?
A: Athens.

Q: What is the capital of Portugal?
A: Lisbon.

Q: What is the capital of Switzerland?
A: Bern.

Q: What is the capital of Austria?
A: Vienna.

Q: What is the capital of Hungary?
A: Budapest.

Q: What is the capital of Czechia?
A: Prague.

Q: What is the capital of Poland?
A: Warsaw.

Q: What is the capital of Romania?
A: Bucharest.

Q: What is the capital of Bulgaria?
A: Sofia.

Q: What is the capital of Ukraine?
A: Kyiv.

Q: What is the capital of Croatia?
A: Zagreb.

Q: What is the capital of Serbia?
A: Belgrade.

Q: What is the capital of Slovenia?
A: Ljubljana.

Q: What is the capital of Slovakia?
A: Bratislava.

Q: What is the capital of Belarus?
A: Minsk.

Q: What is the capital of Latvia?
A: Riga.

Q: What is the capital of Estonia?
A: Tallinn.

Q: What is the capital of Lithuania?
A: Vilnius.

Q: What is the capital of Ireland?
A: Dublin.

Q: What is the capital of Belgium?
A: Brussels.

Q: What is the capital of the Netherlands?
A: Amsterdam (seat of government is The Hague).

Q: What is the capital of Spain?
A: Madrid.

Q: What is the capital of Italy?
A: Rome.

Q: What is the capital of Germany?
A: Berlin.

Q: What is the capital of France?
A: Paris.

Q: What is the capital of the United Kingdom?
A: London.

Q: What is the capital of Russia?
A: Moscow.

Q: What is the capital of Turkey?
A: Ankara.

Q: What is the capital of Iran?
A: Tehran.

Q: What is the capital of Iraq?
A: Baghdad.

Q: What is the capital of Israel (claimed)?
A: Jerusalem (recognized by some countries; Tel Aviv hosts many embassies).

Q: What is the capital of Jordan?
A: Amman.

Q: What is the capital of Lebanon?
A: Beirut.

Q: What is the capital of Syria?
A: Damascus.

Q: What is the capital of Saudi Arabia?
A: Riyadh.

Q: What is the capital of the UAE?
A: Abu Dhabi.

Q: What is the capital of Qatar?
A: Doha.

Q: What is the capital of Kuwait?
A: Kuwait City.

Q: What is the capital of Oman?
A: Muscat.

Q: What is the capital of Pakistan?
A: Islamabad.

Q: What is the capital of India?
A: New Delhi.

Q: What is the capital of Bangladesh?
A: Dhaka.

Q: What is the capital of Sri Lanka?
A: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (administrative); Colombo (commercial).

Q: What is the capital of Nepal?
A: Kathmandu.

Q: What is the capital of China?
A: Beijing.

Q: What is the capital of Japan?
A: Tokyo.

Q: What is the capital of South Korea?
A: Seoul.

Q: What is the capital of North Korea?
A: Pyongyang.

Q: What is the capital of Mongolia?
A: Ulaanbaatar.

Q: What is the capital of Kazakhstan?
A: Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan).

Q: What is the capital of Uzbekistan?
A: Tashkent.

Q: What is the capital of Afghanistan?
A: Kabul.

Q: What is the capital of Malaysia?
A: Kuala Lumpur.

Q: What is the capital of Singapore?
A: Singapore (city-state).

Q: What is the capital of the Philippines?
A: Manila.

Q: What is the capital of Myanmar?
A: Naypyidaw.

Q: What is the capital of Laos?
A: Vientiane.

Q: What is the capital of Cambodia?
A: Phnom Penh.

Q: What is the capital of Mexico?
A: Mexico City.

Q: What is the capital of Cuba?
A: Havana.

Q: What is the capital of Jamaica?
A: Kingston.

Q: What is the capital of the Dominican Republic?
A: Santo Domingo.

Q: What is the capital of Colombia?
A: Bogotá.

Q: What is the capital of Venezuela?
A: Caracas.

Q: What is the capital of Ecuador?
A: Quito.

Q: What is the capital of Bolivia?
A: Sucre (constitutional); La Paz (seat of government).

Q: What is the capital of Paraguay?
A: Asunción.

Q: What is the capital of Uruguay?
A: Montevideo.

Q: What is the capital of Ethiopia?
A: Addis Ababa.

Q: What is the capital of Morocco?
A: Rabat.

Q: What is the capital of Tunisia?
A: Tunis.

Q: What is the capital of Algeria?
A: Algiers.

Q: What is the capital of Ghana?
A: Accra.

Q: What is the capital of Senegal?
A: Dakar.

Q: What is the capital of Tanzania?
A: Dodoma (official); Dar es Salaam (largest).

Q: What is the capital of Uganda?
A: Kampala.

Q: What is the capital of Zimbabwe?
A: Harare.

Q: What is the capital of Zambia?
A: Lusaka.

Q: What is the capital of Mozambique?
A: Maputo.

Q: What is the capital of Madagascar?
A: Antananarivo.

Q: What is the capital of Sudan?
A: Khartoum.

Q: What is the capital of South Sudan?
A: Juba.

Q: What is the capital of Libya?
A: Tripoli.

Q: What is the world's smallest country by area?
A: Vatican City.

Q: What is the largest archipelago by area?
A: The Malay Archipelago (Indonesia is the largest country in it).

Q: What is a strait?
A: A narrow body of water connecting two larger ones.

Q: What is a fjord?
A: A long, deep, narrow inlet of the sea between high cliffs, formed by glacial erosion.

Q: What is a peninsula?
A: A piece of land surrounded by water on three sides.

Q: What is an isthmus?
A: A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses with water on either side.

Q: What isthmus connects North and South America?
A: The Isthmus of Panama.

Q: Which canal separates Africa from Asia?
A: The Suez Canal.

Q: Which canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans?
A: The Panama Canal.

Q: What is the Ring of Fire?
A: A belt around the Pacific Ocean known for high earthquake and volcanic activity.

Q: What is plate tectonics?
A: The theory that Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move and interact.

Q: What is a divergent boundary?
A: Where tectonic plates move apart, forming mid-ocean ridges or rifts.

Q: What is a convergent boundary?
A: Where plates collide, producing mountains, volcanoes, or subduction zones.

Q: What is a transform boundary?
A: Where plates slide past each other, producing faults like the San Andreas.

Q: Where is the San Andreas Fault?
A: California, USA.

Q: What is the equator?
A: The imaginary line at 0° latitude dividing Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Q: What is the prime meridian?
A: The 0° longitude line passing through Greenwich, England.

Q: What is the International Date Line?
A: An imaginary line near 180° longitude where the calendar date changes.

Q: What is the Tropic of Cancer?
A: The northernmost latitude where the sun is directly overhead (23.5° N).

Q: What is the Tropic of Capricorn?
A: The southernmost latitude where the sun is directly overhead (23.5° S).

Q: What is the Arctic Circle?
A: 66.5° N, beyond which there's at least one 24-hour period of continuous daylight/darkness each year.

Q: What is the Antarctic Circle?
A: 66.5° S, the southern equivalent of the Arctic Circle.

Q: What is a biome?
A: A large community of plants and animals adapted to a specific climate.

Q: Name three major biomes.
A: Tundra, taiga, tropical rainforest (others: desert, grassland, savanna, temperate forest).

Q: What is the largest rainforest?
A: The Amazon rainforest.

Q: What is the longest mountain range underwater?
A: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Q: What is the highest waterfall in the world?
A: Angel Falls in Venezuela, ~979 m.

Q: What is the largest waterfall by volume?
A: Inga Falls (or Boyoma Falls) on the Congo River.

Q: What is the world's largest coral reef?
A: The Great Barrier Reef off Australia.

Q: What is the Sahel?
A: A transitional semi-arid region between the Sahara and the savanna.

Q: What is the Pampas?
A: Fertile lowland plains in South America (mainly Argentina).

Q: What is the Steppe?
A: A vast grassland region in Eurasia.

Q: What is the Outback?
A: The remote, arid interior of Australia.

Q: What is permafrost?
A: Ground that remains frozen for two or more consecutive years.

Q: Where is Patagonia?
A: The southern tip of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.

Q: What is the Iberian Peninsula?
A: The peninsula containing Spain, Portugal, Andorra, and Gibraltar.

Q: What is the Balkan Peninsula?
A: A peninsula in southeastern Europe containing countries like Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia.

Q: What is Scandinavia?
A: A region including Norway, Sweden, Denmark (and often Finland, Iceland).

Q: What is the Caucasus?
A: A mountainous region between the Black and Caspian Seas, including Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan.

Q: Where is Mesopotamia?
A: Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq.

Q: What is the Indus Valley?
A: A region in modern Pakistan/Indi, cradle of one of the earliest civilizations.

Q: What does GIS stand for?
A: Geographic Information System.

Q: What is GPS?
A: Global Positioning System, a satellite-based navigation system.

Q: What is cartography?
A: The science and art of making maps.

Q: What is a contour line?
A: A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation.

Q: What is a topographic map?
A: A map showing terrain features through contour lines.

Q: What is climate?
A: The long-term average weather conditions of a region.

Q: What is weather?
A: Short-term atmospheric conditions.

Q: What causes monsoons?
A: Seasonal reversal of winds caused by differential heating of land and sea, especially in South Asia.

Q: What is the rain shadow effect?
A: A dry region on the leeward side of a mountain range where moist air has been stripped of moisture climbing the windward side.

Q: What causes the Coriolis effect?
A: Earth's rotation, which deflects moving air and water (right in N. Hemisphere, left in S.).

Q: What is the doldrums?
A: Equatorial regions with light, unpredictable winds where trade winds converge.

Q: What are trade winds?
A: Steady prevailing easterly winds in the tropics.

Q: What is El Niño?
A: A periodic warming of the eastern Pacific Ocean that disrupts global weather patterns.

Q: What is La Niña?
A: The cooling counterpart of El Niño, with opposite weather effects.

Q: What is the difference between weather and climate again, plainly?
A: Weather is short-term and local; climate is the average over decades.

Q: What is the Köppen climate classification?
A: A widely used system classifying climates based on temperature and precipitation patterns.

Q: What is desertification?
A: The process by which fertile land becomes desert, often due to drought or unsustainable land use.

Q: What is deforestation?
A: The clearing of forests, typically for agriculture, logging, or development.

Q: What is urbanization?
A: The shift of population from rural to urban areas.

Q: What is a megacity?
A: A city with more than 10 million inhabitants.

Q: Name three megacities.
A: Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai (others: São Paulo, Mexico City, Cairo, Mumbai).

Q: What is the Sahel green wall?
A: An African-led initiative to grow a belt of trees across the Sahel to combat desertification.

Q: What is the Three Gorges Dam?
A: A massive hydroelectric dam on the Yangtze River in China.

Q: What's the world's largest hydroelectric dam by capacity?
A: The Three Gorges Dam.

Q: What's the longest national highway in the world?
A: The Trans-Canada Highway is among the longest national highways; Highway 1 in Australia is also a contender.

Q: What is OPEC?
A: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; a cartel of oil-producing nations.

Q: What is the largest oil producer in 2024?
A: The United States.

Q: Which country has the most freshwater?
A: Brazil holds the largest renewable freshwater resources globally.

Q: What is the Coriolis force responsible for in hurricanes?
A: The rotation: counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, clockwise in the Southern.

Q: What ocean current warms Western Europe?
A: The Gulf Stream / North Atlantic Drift.

Q: What is a tundra?
A: A cold, treeless biome with permafrost.

Q: What is taiga?
A: A boreal coniferous forest biome.

Q: What is savanna?
A: A grassland with scattered trees, typical of parts of Africa.

Q: What is the difference between a sea and an ocean?
A: Oceans are larger and bound continents; seas are smaller, often partly enclosed by land.

Q: What is a watershed/drainage basin?
A: The area of land where all surface water drains to a common outlet.

Q: Where does the Mississippi River drain to?
A: The Gulf of Mexico.

Q: Where does the Volga River drain to?
A: The Caspian Sea.

Q: What is endorheic basin?
A: A drainage basin with no outflow to the ocean (e.g., the Caspian basin).

Q: What is the Atacama known for?
A: Being one of the driest non-polar deserts on Earth.

Q: What island chain is Hawaii part of?
A: The Hawaiian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the Pacific.

Q: What is Oceania?
A: A region comprising Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

Q: What is Polynesia?
A: A subregion of Oceania including thousands of islands across the central/southern Pacific (e.g., Samoa, Tonga, Hawaii).

Q: What is Melanesia?
A: Subregion of Oceania including Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji.

Q: What is Micronesia?
A: Subregion of Oceania northeast of Melanesia, including thousands of small islands.

Q: What is the capital of Cyprus?
A: Nicosia.

Q: What is the capital of Malta?
A: Valletta.

Q: What is the capital of Albania?
A: Tirana.

Q: What is the capital of Macedonia (North Macedonia)?
A: Skopje.

Q: What is the capital of Montenegro?
A: Podgorica.

Q: What is the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina?
A: Sarajevo.

Q: What is the capital of Kosovo?
A: Pristina.

Q: What is the capital of Moldova?
A: Chișinău.

Q: What is the capital of Georgia?
A: Tbilisi.

Q: What is the capital of Armenia?
A: Yerevan.

Q: What is the capital of Azerbaijan?
A: Baku.

Q: What is the capital of Yemen?
A: Sana'a (de jure); Aden (de facto seat).

Q: What is the capital of Bhutan?
A: Thimphu.