Electrical Engineering Fundamentals Practice Exam

Question 1 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the unit of electrical resistance?

c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀) ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s, derived from Maxwell's equations. Any linear circuit can be replaced by a single current source I_N in parallel with a resistance R_N. Power actually consumed by the load, measured in watts (W): P = VI cos(θ). The ohm (Ω), named after Georg Simon Ohm.

Question 2 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the relationship between Thevenin and Norton equivalents?

A passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field, typically a coil of wire. 1) No current flows into the inputs (infinite input impedance). 2) The voltage difference between inputs is zero (V+ = V−). V_th = I_N × R_N and R_th = R_N. They are interconvertible. A Digital-to-Analog Converter transforms discrete digital values into continuous analog signals.

Question 3 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?

Cutoff (off), Triode/Linear (resistive), and Saturation (constant current/amplification). 1/C_total = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + 1/C₃ + …. The reciprocals of capacitances add. Conservation of charge — charge cannot accumulate at a node in a circuit. The sum of all voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit equals zero: ΣV = 0.

Question 4 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is De Morgan's first theorem?

1/L_total = 1/L₁ + 1/L₂ + 1/L₃ + …. The reciprocals of inductances add. It is the half-power point where output power is half the input power, and voltage is ≈70.7% of maximum. The sum of all currents entering a node equals the sum of all currents leaving that node: ΣI_in = ΣI_out. (A · B)̄ = Ā + B̄. The complement of a product equals the sum of the complements.

Question 5 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

How do you calculate current using Ohm's law?

An op-amp used without feedback that outputs high or low depending on which input is greater. Cutoff (off), Triode/Linear (resistive), and Saturation (constant current/amplification). I = V / R. Current equals voltage divided by resistance. A signal must be sampled at at least twice its highest frequency (2f_max) to be accurately reconstructed.

Question 6 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the difference between DFT and FFT?

The FFT is an efficient algorithm to compute the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform), reducing complexity from O(N²) to O(N log N). V₁/V₂ = N₁/N₂, where N is the number of turns. More secondary turns means higher output voltage. Conservation of charge — charge cannot accumulate at a node in a circuit. V_rms = V_peak / √2 ≈ 0.707 × V_peak. It represents the equivalent DC voltage for power delivery.

Question 7 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the standard household AC frequency in Europe?

V₁/V₂ = N₁/N₂, where N is the number of turns. More secondary turns means higher output voltage. A high-gain differential voltage amplifier with inverting (−) and non-inverting (+) inputs and a single output. The FFT is an efficient algorithm to compute the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform), reducing complexity from O(N²) to O(N log N). 50 Hz. The voltage alternates at 50 cycles per second.

Question 8 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is a band-pass filter?

Three-phase delivers more power with less conductor material and produces a constant (non-pulsating) power output. (A · B)̄ = Ā + B̄. The complement of a product equals the sum of the complements. Gate, Drain, and Source. A filter that passes frequencies within a specific range and attenuates frequencies outside that range.

Question 9 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is real (active) power?

The product of RMS voltage and current: S = VI, measured in volt-amperes (VA). Related by S² = P² + Q². A changing magnetic flux through a loop induces an EMF: ε = −dΦ_B/dt. The negative sign reflects Lenz's law. Power actually consumed by the load, measured in watts (W): P = VI cos(θ). P = VI, where P is power in watts, V is voltage, and I is current.

Question 10 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What does a NOT gate (inverter) do?

A MOSFET is voltage-controlled (gate voltage), while a BJT is current-controlled (base current). Outputs the complement of the input. Boolean expression: Y = Ā. A filter that passes frequencies above a cutoff frequency and attenuates lower frequencies. Cutoff (off), Triode/Linear (resistive), and Saturation (constant current/amplification).

Question 11 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is an inductor?

A passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field, typically a coil of wire. τ = RC, measured in seconds. It is the time for voltage to reach ~63.2% of its final value. (A + B)̄ = Ā · B̄. The complement of a sum equals the product of the complements. It acts as an open circuit — no current flows once the capacitor is fully charged.

Question 12 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the threshold voltage (V_th) of a MOSFET?

Gate, Drain, and Source. A_v = 1 + R_f / R_in, where R_f is the feedback resistor and R_in is the ground-connected resistor. Q = f₀ / Δf (center frequency / bandwidth). Higher Q means a sharper, more selective resonance peak. The minimum gate-to-source voltage required to create a conducting channel between drain and source.

Question 13 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the time constant of an RC circuit?

∮B·dl = μ₀(I_enc + ε₀ dΦ_E/dt). Relates magnetic field around a loop to current and changing electric flux. E = ½CV², where C is capacitance and V is voltage across the capacitor. τ = RC, measured in seconds. It is the time for voltage to reach ~63.2% of its final value. A_v = 1 + R_f / R_in, where R_f is the feedback resistor and R_in is the ground-connected resistor.

Question 14 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

How does a capacitor behave in a DC steady-state circuit?

It acts as an open circuit — no current flows once the capacitor is fully charged. Gauss's law (E), Gauss's law (B) (no magnetic monopoles), Faraday's law, and Ampère-Maxwell law. A combinational circuit that selects one of many inputs and forwards it to a single output based on select lines. Power stored and released by inductors/capacitors, measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR): Q = VI sin(θ).

Question 15 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the relationship between charge, capacitance, and voltage?

A combinational circuit that selects one of many inputs and forwards it to a single output based on select lines. The sum of all voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit equals zero: ΣV = 0. Q = CV, where Q is charge in coulombs, C is capacitance, and V is voltage. Any linear circuit can be replaced by a single voltage source V_th in series with a resistance R_th.

Question 16 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the maximum power transfer theorem?

The sum of all currents entering a node equals the sum of all currents leaving that node: ΣI_in = ΣI_out. Maximum power is delivered to a load when R_load = R_source (or Z_load = Z_source* for AC circuits). Outputs 0 only when all inputs are 1. It is the complement of AND: Y = (A · B)̄. 1/L_total = 1/L₁ + 1/L₂ + 1/L₃ + …. The reciprocals of inductances add.

Question 17 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the purpose of a DAC?

A MOSFET is voltage-controlled (gate voltage), while a BJT is current-controlled (base current). ∮B·dl = μ₀(I_enc + ε₀ dΦ_E/dt). Relates magnetic field around a loop to current and changing electric flux. A Digital-to-Analog Converter transforms discrete digital values into continuous analog signals. Outputs 1 when at least one input is 1. Boolean expression: Y = A + B.

Question 18 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is a low-pass filter?

A filter that passes frequencies below a cutoff frequency and attenuates higher frequencies. A passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field, typically a coil of wire. It acts as an open circuit — no current flows once the capacitor is fully charged. The FFT is an efficient algorithm to compute the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform), reducing complexity from O(N²) to O(N log N).

Question 19 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is an operational amplifier (op-amp)?

Outputs 1 when at least one input is 1. Boolean expression: Y = A + B. The force between two point charges: F = kq₁q₂/r², where k ≈ 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C². Distortion that occurs when a signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate, causing high frequencies to appear as lower frequencies. A high-gain differential voltage amplifier with inverting (−) and non-inverting (+) inputs and a single output.

Question 20 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the purpose of an ADC?

The force between two point charges: F = kq₁q₂/r², where k ≈ 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C². In a linear circuit with multiple sources, the response is the algebraic sum of responses caused by each source acting alone. Conservation of energy — the total energy gained equals the total energy lost around a closed loop. An Analog-to-Digital Converter transforms continuous analog signals into discrete digital values.

Question 21 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the gain of a non-inverting op-amp configuration?

It is the half-power point where output power is half the input power, and voltage is ≈70.7% of maximum. A_v = 1 + R_f / R_in, where R_f is the feedback resistor and R_in is the ground-connected resistor. E = ½CV², where C is capacitance and V is voltage across the capacitor. Q = CV, where Q is charge in coulombs, C is capacitance, and V is voltage.

Question 22 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the peak voltage of a 120V RMS AC supply?

V₁/V₂ = N₁/N₂, where N is the number of turns. More secondary turns means higher output voltage. Z_C = 1 / (jωC), where j is the imaginary unit and ω is angular frequency. A filter that passes frequencies below a cutoff frequency and attenuates higher frequencies. V_peak = 120 × √2 ≈ 169.7 V.

Question 23 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the time constant of an RL circuit?

Outputs 1 only when all inputs are 0. It is the complement of OR: Y = (A + B)̄. τ = L/R, measured in seconds. It is the time for current to reach ~63.2% of its final value. Any linear circuit can be replaced by a single current source I_N in parallel with a resistance R_N. A_v = 1 + R_f / R_in, where R_f is the feedback resistor and R_in is the ground-connected resistor.

Question 24 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is a comparator?

It acts as an open circuit — no current flows once the capacitor is fully charged. (A + B)̄ = Ā · B̄. The complement of a sum equals the product of the complements. Outputs the complement of the input. Boolean expression: Y = Ā. An op-amp used without feedback that outputs high or low depending on which input is greater.

Question 25 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is a Wheatstone bridge?

A passive component that stores energy in an electric field between two conductive plates separated by a dielectric. A passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field, typically a coil of wire. It is the half-power point where output power is half the input power, and voltage is ≈70.7% of maximum. A circuit of four resistors used to precisely measure unknown resistance: balanced when R₁/R₂ = R₃/R₄.

Question 26 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the superposition theorem?

In a linear circuit with multiple sources, the response is the algebraic sum of responses caused by each source acting alone. f_c = 1 / (2πRC). At this frequency the output is −3 dB (≈70.7%) of the input. Cutoff (off), Triode/Linear (resistive), and Saturation (constant current/amplification). A constant equal to open-loop gain × bandwidth. As gain increases, bandwidth decreases proportionally.

Question 27 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

How are capacitors combined in parallel?

The FFT is an efficient algorithm to compute the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform), reducing complexity from O(N²) to O(N log N). C_total = C₁ + C₂ + C₃ + …. Capacitances add directly in parallel. BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) and MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor). The total opposition to AC current flow, combining resistance and reactance: Z = R + jX, measured in ohms.

Question 28 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What does a NAND gate do?

Outputs 0 only when all inputs are 1. It is the complement of AND: Y = (A · B)̄. 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + …. The reciprocals of resistances add. τ = RC, measured in seconds. It is the time for voltage to reach ~63.2% of its final value. Conservation of energy — the total energy gained equals the total energy lost around a closed loop.

Question 29 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)?

V_th = I_N × R_N and R_th = R_N. They are interconvertible. A filter that passes frequencies within a specific range and attenuates frequencies outside that range. A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. The sum of all currents entering a node equals the sum of all currents leaving that node: ΣI_in = ΣI_out.

Question 30 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What are the two types of BJT?

50 Hz. The voltage alternates at 50 cycles per second. Outputs 1 when inputs are different. Boolean expression: Y = A ⊕ B. NPN and PNP. NPN is controlled by positive base current; PNP by negative. 1) No current flows into the inputs (infinite input impedance). 2) The voltage difference between inputs is zero (V+ = V−).

Question 31 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the difference between a latch and a flip-flop?

A latch is level-triggered (responds while clock is high/low); a flip-flop is edge-triggered (responds on clock transitions). V_th = I_N × R_N and R_th = R_N. They are interconvertible. Q = f₀ / Δf (center frequency / bandwidth). Higher Q means a sharper, more selective resonance peak. Q = CV, where Q is charge in coulombs, C is capacitance, and V is voltage.

Question 32 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is Gauss's law?

The total electric flux through a closed surface equals the enclosed charge divided by ε₀: ∮E·dA = Q_enc/ε₀. β = I_C / I_B, the ratio of collector current to base current. Typical values range from 50 to 300. A latch is level-triggered (responds while clock is high/low); a flip-flop is edge-triggered (responds on clock transitions). The henry (H), defined as one volt-second per ampere.

Question 33 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

How does an inductor behave in a DC steady-state circuit?

It acts as a short circuit — it passes DC current with zero impedance once current is stable. Q = f₀ / Δf (center frequency / bandwidth). Higher Q means a sharper, more selective resonance peak. V_th = I_N × R_N and R_th = R_N. They are interconvertible. Z_L = jωL, where j is the imaginary unit and ω is angular frequency.

Question 34 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the energy stored in a capacitor?

E = ½CV², where C is capacitance and V is voltage across the capacitor. The minimum gate-to-source voltage required to create a conducting channel between drain and source. An op-amp with output connected directly to the inverting input; gain = 1, providing impedance matching. R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + …. Resistances add directly in series.

Question 35 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

How do you calculate resistance using Ohm's law?

(A + B)̄ = Ā · B̄. The complement of a sum equals the product of the complements. A filter that passes frequencies below a cutoff frequency and attenuates higher frequencies. Power actually consumed by the load, measured in watts (W): P = VI cos(θ). R = V / I. Resistance equals voltage divided by current.

Question 36 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

How are inductors combined in series?

Power actually consumed by the load, measured in watts (W): P = VI cos(θ). P = VI, where P is power in watts, V is voltage, and I is current. An op-amp used without feedback that outputs high or low depending on which input is greater. L_total = L₁ + L₂ + L₃ + …. Inductances add directly in series (assuming no mutual coupling).

Question 37 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is Ampère's law (with Maxwell's correction)?

Any linear circuit can be replaced by a single voltage source V_th in series with a resistance R_th. A signal must be sampled at at least twice its highest frequency (2f_max) to be accurately reconstructed. ∮B·dl = μ₀(I_enc + ε₀ dΦ_E/dt). Relates magnetic field around a loop to current and changing electric flux. Q = f₀ / Δf (center frequency / bandwidth). Higher Q means a sharper, more selective resonance peak.

Question 38 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is a transformer?

The sum of all currents entering a node equals the sum of all currents leaving that node: ΣI_in = ΣI_out. E = ½CV², where C is capacitance and V is voltage across the capacitor. A Digital-to-Analog Converter transforms discrete digital values into continuous analog signals. A device that transfers AC electrical energy between circuits via electromagnetic induction, changing voltage levels.

Question 39 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the energy stored in an inductor?

Conservation of energy — the total energy gained equals the total energy lost around a closed loop. Gate, Drain, and Source. E = ½LI², where L is inductance and I is current through the inductor. Q = CV, where Q is charge in coulombs, C is capacitance, and V is voltage.

Question 40 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is a transistor?

A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. E = ½LI², where L is inductance and I is current through the inductor. The FFT is an efficient algorithm to compute the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform), reducing complexity from O(N²) to O(N log N). V_th = I_N × R_N and R_th = R_N. They are interconvertible.

Question 41 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What does a NOR gate do?

1) No current flows into the inputs (infinite input impedance). 2) The voltage difference between inputs is zero (V+ = V−). 60 Hz. The voltage alternates at 60 cycles per second. Outputs 1 only when all inputs are 0. It is the complement of OR: Y = (A + B)̄. V_rms = V_peak / √2 ≈ 0.707 × V_peak. It represents the equivalent DC voltage for power delivery.

Question 42 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What are the three terminals of a MOSFET?

Conservation of charge — charge cannot accumulate at a node in a circuit. A latch is level-triggered (responds while clock is high/low); a flip-flop is edge-triggered (responds on clock transitions). Maximum power is delivered to a load when R_load = R_source (or Z_load = Z_source* for AC circuits). Gate, Drain, and Source.

Question 43 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

Why is the NAND gate called a universal gate?

The minimum gate-to-source voltage required to create a conducting channel between drain and source. 60 Hz. The voltage alternates at 60 cycles per second. Any Boolean function can be implemented using only NAND gates, including AND, OR, and NOT. An op-amp used without feedback that outputs high or low depending on which input is greater.

Question 44 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What are the three terminals of a BJT?

A constant equal to open-loop gain × bandwidth. As gain increases, bandwidth decreases proportionally. 1/C_total = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + 1/C₃ + …. The reciprocals of capacitances add. Base, Collector, and Emitter. Outputs the complement of the input. Boolean expression: Y = Ā.

Question 45 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the resonant frequency of an LC circuit?

(A + B)̄ = Ā · B̄. The complement of a sum equals the product of the complements. f₀ = 1 / (2π√(LC)). At this frequency, inductive and capacitive reactances cancel. A mathematical tool that decomposes a signal into its constituent sinusoidal frequencies (frequency-domain representation). L_total = L₁ + L₂ + L₃ + …. Inductances add directly in series (assuming no mutual coupling).

Question 46 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What principle does KCL rely on?

A_v = 1 + R_f / R_in, where R_f is the feedback resistor and R_in is the ground-connected resistor. A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Outputs the complement of the input. Boolean expression: Y = Ā. Conservation of charge — charge cannot accumulate at a node in a circuit.

Question 47 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the transformer voltage ratio equation?

1/L_total = 1/L₁ + 1/L₂ + 1/L₃ + …. The reciprocals of inductances add. V₁/V₂ = N₁/N₂, where N is the number of turns. More secondary turns means higher output voltage. A system using three AC voltages offset by 120°, providing constant power delivery and efficient transmission. E = ½LI², where L is inductance and I is current through the inductor.

Question 48 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum?

A signal must be sampled at at least twice its highest frequency (2f_max) to be accurately reconstructed. Outputs the complement of the input. Boolean expression: Y = Ā. c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀) ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s, derived from Maxwell's equations. A filter that passes frequencies below a cutoff frequency and attenuates higher frequencies.

Question 49 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

How are resistors combined in series?

A high-gain differential voltage amplifier with inverting (−) and non-inverting (+) inputs and a single output. R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + …. Resistances add directly in series. A passive component that stores energy in an electric field between two conductive plates separated by a dielectric. A filter that passes frequencies within a specific range and attenuates frequencies outside that range.

Question 50 Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

What are the two golden rules of an ideal op-amp with negative feedback?

Conservation of energy — the total energy gained equals the total energy lost around a closed loop. V_peak = 120 × √2 ≈ 169.7 V. A high-gain differential voltage amplifier with inverting (−) and non-inverting (+) inputs and a single output. 1) No current flows into the inputs (infinite input impedance). 2) The voltage difference between inputs is zero (V+ = V−).