PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas Practice Exam

Question 1 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Parametric vs analogous estimating?

Value of work actually completed expressed in the budget for that work — what was "physically" earned so far. Defect repair (fix a flaw), Preventive action (avoid future problem), Corrective action (bring future performance back in line with plan). Integration, Scope, Schedule, Cost, Quality, Resource, Communications, Risk, Procurement, Stakeholder. Parametric: uses statistical relationship (e.g., $/unit × units).
Analogous (top-down): uses historical data from similar past projects.

Question 2 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Executing Process Group — primary purpose?

Risk remaining after responses have been applied; in many cases some risk is accepted (residual). Numerically analyze effect of identified individual risks AND overall project risk on objectives; uses Monte Carlo, decision trees, EMV. Ensure all prospective sellers hear the same information and have equal opportunity to ask questions; documents are issued afterward. Complete the work defined in the Project Management Plan to satisfy project objectives; consumes the bulk of the project budget and resources.

Question 3 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Communication channels formula?

Because all other knowledge areas' processes are coordinated through integration processes — there's a single Plan-Do-Check-Act for the whole project. n(n-1)/2 for n stakeholders. 10 people → 45 channels. σ = (P - O) / 6; the range P−O spans ~6 standard deviations. Cause-and-effect (Ishikawa/Fishbone), flowchart, check sheet, Pareto, histogram, control chart, scatter diagram.

Question 4 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Quantitative vs qualitative risk analysis?

Documented, agreed-upon norms of conduct for the team; created in early Develop Team; reduces ambiguity and conflict. Stakeholder analysis (interest, power, influence, impact) plus expert judgment; produces the stakeholder register & assessment matrix. Qualitative: prob × impact matrix, prioritize.
Quantitative: numerical models (Monte Carlo, EMV, decision trees). Establish the total scope of effort, refine objectives, and define the course of action to achieve them; produces the Project Management Plan.

Question 5 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Three types of cost estimates?

A significant point/event in the schedule with zero duration; commonly used to mark phase gates, reviews, or major deliverables. VAC = BAC - EAC — Variance at Completion. Positive means you'll finish under budget. Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM): −50% to +100%, very early.
Budget estimate: −10% to +25%.
Definitive estimate: −5% to +10%. The budget for a control account; includes planned value (PV) of all work authorized for that account.

Question 6 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Three-point estimating formula?

Leveraging existing organizational knowledge and creating new knowledge so lessons are not lost at project end; supports a learning culture. Group authorized to approve, reject, defer change requests. Defined in Project Management Plan. Document describing each WBS element: code, scope, owner, milestones, cost, contract info. PERT / beta distribution: TE = (O + 4M + P) / 6 where O=optimistic, M=most likely, P=pessimistic.

Question 7 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Stakeholder Management — how many processes?

Configuration: manage the product (versions, baseline).
Change Control: manage requested changes to baselines. Single source = chose specifically even though competitors exist (preferred vendor).
Sole source = only one supplier can provide (no alternative exists). Three: Identify Stakeholders, Plan Stakeholder Engagement, Manage Stakeholder Engagement, Monitor Stakeholder Engagement (4 processes in PMBOK 6). Units of measure, precision, control thresholds, rules for measuring performance, reporting formats, process descriptions.

Question 8 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Conflict resolution techniques in order of preference?

PMI order: Confront/Collaborate → Compromise → Smooth → Force → Avoid/Withdraw. Formal = contracts, plans, reports.
Informal = emails, chat, quick memos; not in formal records. CPI = EV / AC (cost performance index; >1 = under budget).
SPI = EV / PV (schedule performance; >1 = ahead). Because all other knowledge areas' processes are coordinated through integration processes — there's a single Plan-Do-Check-Act for the whole project.

Question 9 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is Six Sigma?

Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning — a classic framework for predicting team behavior. Organization's risk appetite = amount of uncertainty it is willing to accept.Risk threshold = specific metric around that appetite that triggers escalation. A data-driven methodology targeting 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO); uses DMAIC: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control. Six: Plan Schedule Mgmt, Define Activities, Sequence Activities, Estimate Activity Durations, Develop Schedule, Control Schedule.

Question 10 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Control chart — what does it show?

Float (slack): how long an activity can slip without delaying project.
Lead: overlap (start successor before predecessor finishes).
Lag: forced delay between activities. Plotted values with UCL/LCL (upper/control limits) derived from process mean ± 3σ; points outside limits signal special-cause variation. Integration, Scope, Schedule, Cost, Quality, Resource, Communications, Risk, Procurement, Stakeholder. At each phase end, the PM reviews current status with the sponsor and decides to continue, replan, or close — done through Close Project or Phase.

Question 11 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Cost of quality (COQ) categories?

Prevention, Appraisal, Internal failure, External failure — all four are trade-off costs of meeting quality. Establish the total scope of effort, refine objectives, and define the course of action to achieve them; produces the Project Management Plan. Hierarchical representation of project resources by category and type; helps with resource planning and reporting. Uncontrolled expansion of project scope without adjustments to time, cost, and resources; commonly caused by poorly managed change control.

Question 12 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Four precedence relationships?

Contractor Payment for Performance Outcomes — used on outcome-based service contracts (not PMBOK core, but emerging). Contingency reserves: for known (identified) risks — part of the cost baseline.
Management reserves: for unknown-unknowns — NOT in the cost baseline. EMV = Σ (probability × impact). Used in decision trees. FS (Finish-to-Start), FF (Finish-to-Finish), SS (Start-to-Start), SF (Start-to-Finish; rarely used).

Question 13 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Lessons learned — when collected?

Most common: EAC = BAC / CPI — extrapolates current performance to completion. Work packages are deliverables at the WBS lowest level; activities are the actions inside the schedule that produce those deliverables. Prevention, Appraisal, Internal failure, External failure — all four are trade-off costs of meeting quality. Throughout the project, formally documented during Closing. Should drive future improvements.

Question 14 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Cost-reimbursable contract types?

Plan: the baselines (scope, schedule, cost) + subsidiary plans. Documents: artifacts produced during execution (logs, registers). CPFF (Cost Plus Fixed Fee), CPIF (Cost Plus Incentive Fee), CPAF (Cost Plus Award Fee); buyer reimburses + pays fee. CPI = EV / AC (cost performance index; >1 = under budget).
SPI = EV / PV (schedule performance; >1 = ahead). Unaware → Resistant → Neutral → Supportive → Leading. Plan moves stakeholders toward desired level.

Question 15 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

VAC?

A new risk that arises as a direct result of implementing a risk response — must be identified and managed too. CPI = EV / AC (cost performance index; >1 = under budget).
SPI = EV / PV (schedule performance; >1 = ahead). VAC = BAC - EAC — Variance at Completion. Positive means you'll finish under budget. Work packages are deliverables at the WBS lowest level; activities are the actions inside the schedule that produce those deliverables.

Question 16 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM)?

Crashing: add resources to shorten activity (more cost).
Fast-tracking: run activities in parallel that were planned sequential (more risk). Throughout the project, formally documented during Closing. Should drive future improvements. Units of measure, precision, control thresholds, rules for measuring performance, reporting formats, process descriptions. Adds buffers (project, feeding, resource) and protects the critical chain from student-syndrome/Parkinson's; focuses on resource constraints not just time.

Question 17 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is a milestone?

A significant point/event in the schedule with zero duration; commonly used to mark phase gates, reviews, or major deliverables. Plan: identify quality requirements & standards.
Manage Quality (QA): audit processes to ensure they will produce conforming outputs (process focus).
Control (QC): monitor and record results of quality activities (product focus). Prevention, Appraisal, Internal failure, External failure — all four are trade-off costs of meeting quality. Through communication and Manage Stakeholder Engagement — moving them from current to desired level; tracked in engagement assessment matrix.

Question 18 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Manage Project Knowledge — what's it for?

Numerically analyze effect of identified individual risks AND overall project risk on objectives; uses Monte Carlo, decision trees, EMV. TCPI = (BAC − EV) / (BAC − AC) — efficiency needed to finish on budget; common exam question. Leveraging existing organizational knowledge and creating new knowledge so lessons are not lost at project end; supports a learning culture. Seven: Develop Project Charter, Develop Project Mgmt Plan, Direct & Manage Project Work, Manage Project Knowledge, Monitor & Control Project Work, Perform Integrated Change Control, Close Project or Phase.

Question 19 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Quality Management — how many processes?

Three: Plan Quality Mgmt, Manage Quality, Control Quality. Channels grow as n(n−1)/2; adding even one person increases many channels at once. Mandatory (hard logic) — physical limits.
Discretionary (soft logic) — chosen by team.
External — outside the project's control. Hierarchical decomposition of identified risks by category (technical, external, organizational, PM-related); helps Identify Risks.

Question 20 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Float vs lead vs lag?

Float (slack): how long an activity can slip without delaying project.
Lead: overlap (start successor before predecessor finishes).
Lag: forced delay between activities. Validate Scope = formal acceptance of completed deliverables with sponsor/customer (Inspections, walkthroughs).
Control Scope = monitor scope/performance and manage scope creep. A path with total float close to zero; needs close monitoring because small slips push it onto the critical path. Unplanned response taken to handle an emerging risk not previously identified; reactive, not proactive.

Question 21 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What does the project charter NOT contain?

Throughout the project, formally documented during Closing. Should drive future improvements. Describes procurement item in detail — what is to be procured, quantity, quality, performance, period of place. Detailed scope baseline, schedule baseline, or cost baseline — those are outputs of Planning, not Initiating. A significant point/event in the schedule with zero duration; commonly used to mark phase gates, reviews, or major deliverables.

Question 22 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What does "Direct and Manage Project Work" produce?

FFP (Fixed): seller bears risk.
T&M / Cost-plus: buyer bears risk.
CPIF/CPAF/CPFF: variants of cost-plus differing in fee structure. Deliverables, work performance data, issue logs, change requests, and project management plan updates. Ensure all prospective sellers hear the same information and have equal opportunity to ask questions; documents are issued afterward. Detailed scope baseline, schedule baseline, or cost baseline — those are outputs of Planning, not Initiating.

Question 23 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Critical Path Method (CPM)?

Longest path through schedule network; sets project duration. Activities on the critical path have zero total float. Corrective: realign future performance with the plan.
Preventive: reduce probability of a future negative event. Product scope = features of the product/service.
Project scope = work needed to deliver the product scope. Both are in the scope baseline. Group authorized to approve, reject, defer change requests. Defined in Project Management Plan.

Question 24 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is a work package?

Organization's risk appetite = amount of uncertainty it is willing to accept.Risk threshold = specific metric around that appetite that triggers escalation. EMV = Σ (probability × impact). Used in decision trees. Through communication and Manage Stakeholder Engagement — moving them from current to desired level; tracked in engagement assessment matrix. The lowest WBS level that can be scheduled, cost-estimated, and monitored; decomposed further into activities.

Question 25 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is "interactive" communication?

Scope, Time, Cost — change one and at least one other moves. Quality often added as a 4th dimension. Tools/software used to manage project information — schedule tools, cost systems, databases; collecting, storing, and distributing outputs. Detailed scope baseline, schedule baseline, or cost baseline — those are outputs of Planning, not Initiating. Two-way or multi-way exchange — meetings, calls, video conferences; highest information richness.

Question 26 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Triple constraint?

PDM (Precedence Diagramming) = nodes+arrows, FS/FF/SS/SF.
ADM (Arrow) = arrows=activities.
CCBM (Conditional/branching) = conditional paths in iterative contexts. Establish the total scope of effort, refine objectives, and define the course of action to achieve them; produces the Project Management Plan. Scope, Time, Cost — change one and at least one other moves. Quality often added as a 4th dimension. Individual project risks = uncertain events affecting objectives (positive or negative).Overall project risk = effect of uncertainty on the project as a whole.

Question 27 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

CCB (Change Control Board)?

Hierarchical decomposition of total project scope into deliverables. Lowest level = work packages. Group authorized to approve, reject, defer change requests. Defined in Project Management Plan. Prevention, Appraisal, Internal failure, External failure — all four are trade-off costs of meeting quality. Configuration: manage the product (versions, baseline).
Change Control: manage requested changes to baselines.

Question 28 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Acquisition vs Develop vs Manage Team — differences?

Team-agreed criteria for considering work complete (passes tests, code reviewed, deployed to staging, etc.). When scope is not well-defined and can't easily use FFP or cost-plus; hybrid of FFP and CP — risks shared, especially on materials. Work packages are deliverables at the WBS lowest level; activities are the actions inside the schedule that produce those deliverables. Acquire = obtain resources needed.
Develop = improve competencies & interactions.
Manage = track performance, give feedback, handle changes.

Question 29 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Workaround in risk management?

Unplanned response taken to handle an emerging risk not previously identified; reactive, not proactive. Product scope = features of the product/service.
Project scope = work needed to deliver the product scope. Both are in the scope baseline. Most common: EAC = BAC / CPI — extrapolates current performance to completion. Product Owner, Scrum Master, Development Team.

Question 30 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Closing Process Group — primary purpose?

Examines and documents the effectiveness of risk responses; part of Monitor Risks; checks that responses are actually reducing risk. Formally terminate the project, phase, or contract; verify product acceptance, document lessons learned, and release resources. Two-way or multi-way exchange — meetings, calls, video conferences; highest information richness. Hierarchical decomposition of identified risks by category (technical, external, organizational, PM-related); helps Identify Risks.

Question 31 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is "Manage Communications" output?

WBS + WBS dictionary + project scope statement = Scope Baseline (approved, used for performance measurement). Examines and documents the effectiveness of risk responses; part of Monitor Risks; checks that responses are actually reducing risk. Mandatory (hard logic) — physical limits.
Discretionary (soft logic) — chosen by team.
External — outside the project's control. Project communications, project management plan updates, and project documents updates (including lessons learned and issue logs).

Question 32 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

PDM vs ADM vs CCBM?

Formal = contracts, plans, reports.
Informal = emails, chat, quick memos; not in formal records. Qualitative: prob × impact matrix, prioritize.
Quantitative: numerical models (Monte Carlo, EMV, decision trees). BAC: original budget at completion.
EAC: forecast based on actual performance.
ETC: estimate to complete = EAC - AC. PDM (Precedence Diagramming) = nodes+arrows, FS/FF/SS/SF.
ADM (Arrow) = arrows=activities.
CCBM (Conditional/branching) = conditional paths in iterative contexts.

Question 33 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Five PMI Process Groups?

Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring & Controlling, Closing. Float (slack): how long an activity can slip without delaying project.
Lead: overlap (start successor before predecessor finishes).
Lag: forced delay between activities. Realized cost incurred for the work performed during a given time period — total spent. Stakeholder analysis (interest, power, influence, impact) plus expert judgment; produces the stakeholder register & assessment matrix.

Question 34 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Procurement Management — how many processes?

Project: temporary, unique product.
Program: related projects coordinated for shared benefits.
Portfolio: collection of projects + programs aligned to strategic objectives. Establish the total scope of effort, refine objectives, and define the course of action to achieve them; produces the Project Management Plan. Three: Plan Procurement Mgmt, Conduct Procurements, Control Procurements. Contractor Payment for Performance Outcomes — used on outcome-based service contracts (not PMBOK core, but emerging).

Question 35 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Definition of Done?

Deliverables, work performance data, issue logs, change requests, and project management plan updates. Team-agreed criteria for considering work complete (passes tests, code reviewed, deployed to staging, etc.). CPI = EV / AC (cost performance index; >1 = under budget).
SPI = EV / PV (schedule performance; >1 = ahead). Plan: the baselines (scope, schedule, cost) + subsidiary plans. Documents: artifacts produced during execution (logs, registers).

Question 36 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Risk register typical columns?

Used in qualitative analysis to score each risk P×I and prioritize; typically uses Low/Medium/High or numeric 1–5 scales. Group authorized to approve, reject, defer change requests. Defined in Project Management Plan. ID, Description, Probability, Impact, Score, Owner, Response, Status, Trigger. Estimates each work package/activity and rolls them up; most accurate but most time-consuming and expensive.

Question 37 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is a corrective action vs preventive action?

Corrective: realign future performance with the plan.
Preventive: reduce probability of a future negative event. Hierarchical representation of project resources by category and type; helps with resource planning and reporting. Contractor Payment for Performance Outcomes — used on outcome-based service contracts (not PMBOK core, but emerging). Acquire = obtain resources needed.
Develop = improve competencies & interactions.
Manage = track performance, give feedback, handle changes.

Question 38 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is the "single" document that ties every baseline together?

Describes procurement item in detail — what is to be procured, quantity, quality, performance, period of place. Plots stakeholders by power (high/low) and interest (high/low) to determine engagement strategy — high-power/high-interest = manage closely. Exploit, Share, Enhance, Accept. The Project Management Plan — includes scope/schedule/cost baselines plus all subsidiary plans (risk, communications, etc.).

Question 39 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is a fishbone diagram used for?

Push: sender transmits to specific recipients (emails, memos).Pull: recipients access info on demand (intranet, knowledge bases). Identifies the potential root causes of a problem by categorizing them (machine, method, material, measurement, man-power, environment). At each phase end, the PM reviews current status with the sponsor and decides to continue, replan, or close — done through Close Project or Phase. Product scope = features of the product/service.
Project scope = work needed to deliver the product scope. Both are in the scope baseline.

Question 40 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Seven basic quality tools?

Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning — a classic framework for predicting team behavior. Estimates each work package/activity and rolls them up; most accurate but most time-consuming and expensive. Cause-and-effect (Ishikawa/Fishbone), flowchart, check sheet, Pareto, histogram, control chart, scatter diagram. Adds buffers (project, feeding, resource) and protects the critical chain from student-syndrome/Parkinson's; focuses on resource constraints not just time.

Question 41 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Stakeholder engagement levels?

Project charter, preliminary scope statement (pre-2008 term) and stakeholder register; the sponsor signs the charter. Avoid, Transfer, Mitigate, Accept. Unaware → Resistant → Neutral → Supportive → Leading. Plan moves stakeholders toward desired level. Push: sender transmits to specific recipients (emails, memos).Pull: recipients access info on demand (intranet, knowledge bases).

Question 42 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Product Scope vs Project Scope?

The person accountable for the project's success, providing resources, funding, and political sponsorship; typically signs the project charter. Product scope = features of the product/service.
Project scope = work needed to deliver the product scope. Both are in the scope baseline. Project communications, project management plan updates, and project documents updates (including lessons learned and issue logs). Three: Identify Stakeholders, Plan Stakeholder Engagement, Manage Stakeholder Engagement, Monitor Stakeholder Engagement (4 processes in PMBOK 6).

Question 43 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

RACI chart — what is it?

Responsibility assignment matrix: Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed; one A per task, many R/C/I allowed. Team-developed agreement covering mission, values, expectations, communication, decision rules, and conflict resolution. The 80/20 rule — ~80% of problems come from ~20% of causes; helps prioritize which issues to address first. Executing contains the largest number of processes (10 in PMBOK 6) because most of the project work and coordination happens there.

Question 44 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Requirements vs requirements traceability matrix?

Every piece of work required to produce the deliverables must be represented in the WBS — and the WBS must not contain work outside the project scope. Models "what if" questions (e.g., delay of a key resource) to assess schedule impact; used in Develop Schedule. Defect repair (fix a flaw), Preventive action (avoid future problem), Corrective action (bring future performance back in line with plan). Requirements = conditions/features to meet.
RTM = table linking each requirement to its WBS element, tests, and design — ensures full coverage.

Question 45 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Close Project or Phase — required outputs?

Final product/service/result transition, lessons learned register updates, and final report; administrative closure confirms contracts and accounts are settled. Burn-down: remaining work over time.
Burn-up: completed work + total scope — shows scope changes. Project communications, project management plan updates, and project documents updates (including lessons learned and issue logs). Integration, Scope, Schedule, Cost, Quality, Resource, Communications, Risk, Procurement, Stakeholder.

Question 46 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

What is "push" vs "pull" communication?

Qualitative: prob × impact matrix, prioritize.
Quantitative: numerical models (Monte Carlo, EMV, decision trees). Group authorized to approve, reject, defer change requests. Defined in Project Management Plan. Unaware → Resistant → Neutral → Supportive → Leading. Plan moves stakeholders toward desired level. Push: sender transmits to specific recipients (emails, memos).Pull: recipients access info on demand (intranet, knowledge bases).

Question 47 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Agile vs predictive (waterfall) PM?

Predictive: detailed upfront plan, low change tolerance.
Agile: iterative, embraces change, short feedback loops. Formal = contracts, plans, reports.
Informal = emails, chat, quick memos; not in formal records. Requirements = conditions/features to meet.
RTM = table linking each requirement to its WBS element, tests, and design — ensures full coverage. Prevention, Appraisal, Internal failure, External failure — all four are trade-off costs of meeting quality.

Question 48 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Risk Management — how many processes?

FFP (Fixed): seller bears risk.
T&M / Cost-plus: buyer bears risk.
CPIF/CPAF/CPFF: variants of cost-plus differing in fee structure. Four: Plan Cost Mgmt, Estimate Costs, Determine Budget, Control Costs. Integration, Scope, Schedule, Cost, Quality, Resource, Communications, Risk, Procurement, Stakeholder. Six: Plan Risk Mgmt, Identify Risks, Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis, Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis, Plan Risk Responses, Implement/Monitor/Control Risks.

Question 49 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Analytical techniques in Identify Stakeholders?

Anything that interferes with message transmission/understanding — language, distance, culture, distractions; model: Sender → Encode → Message → Decode → Receiver, with noise. Six: Plan Schedule Mgmt, Define Activities, Sequence Activities, Estimate Activity Durations, Develop Schedule, Control Schedule. Stakeholder analysis (interest, power, influence, impact) plus expert judgment; produces the stakeholder register & assessment matrix. Through communication and Manage Stakeholder Engagement — moving them from current to desired level; tracked in engagement assessment matrix.

Question 50 PMP Exam: Process Groups & Knowledge Areas

Four risk responses (negative)?

Requirements = conditions/features to meet.
RTM = table linking each requirement to its WBS element, tests, and design — ensures full coverage. Single source = chose specifically even though competitors exist (preferred vendor).
Sole source = only one supplier can provide (no alternative exists). Acquire = obtain resources needed.
Develop = improve competencies & interactions.
Manage = track performance, give feedback, handle changes. Avoid, Transfer, Mitigate, Accept.