What does the CIA triad stand for in information security?
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Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability
Which security principle extends CIA by adding authentication, authorization, and accounting (non-repudiation)?
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AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting)
What is the difference between authentication and authorization?
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Authentication verifies identity ("who you are"); authorization determines permitted actions ("what you can do")
Define non-repudiation.
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Assurance that a party cannot deny having performed an action, typically via digital signatures or audit logs
What is the Parkerian hexad?
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An extension of the CIA triad adding Possession, Authenticity, and Utility
What is defense in depth?
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A layered security strategy using multiple overlapping controls so no single failure causes compromise
What is the principle of least privilege?
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Granting users only the minimum access rights necessary to perform their job functions
What is need-to-know?
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Access is granted only to information required for a specific task, even if broader clearance exists
What is separation of duties?
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Splitting critical tasks among multiple people to prevent any single person from committing fraud undetected
What is the difference between a threat, a vulnerability, and a risk?
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Threat = potential cause of harm; Vulnerability = weakness that can be exploited; Risk = likelihood x impact of a threat exploiting a vulnerability
Define a zero-day vulnerability.
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A software flaw unknown to the vendor with no patch available, actively exploited by attackers
What is a CVE?
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Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures - a unique identifier assigned to a publicly known security vulnerability