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Critical thinking is the disciplined process of analyzing, evaluating, and reasoning about information to form well-justified beliefs and decisions. As a practice, it rests on logi...
A fallacy is any error in reasoning that undermines the support an argument offers for its conclusion. Fallacies divide into two broad kinds. A formal fallacy is a flaw in the logi...
Human cognition is shaped by systematic tendencies called cognitive biases, which are predictable deviations from rational judgment. Confirmation bias leads us to favor information...
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines knowledge—its nature, sources, and limits. The classical definition holds that knowledge is justified true belief: a person k...
Science provides a particularly rigorous model of inquiry. The scientific method is a systematic cycle: making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing r...
Formal logic provides a precise language for reasoning about statements. Logical operators combine simple statements into more complex ones. Conjunction, written \(P \land Q\), is...
Critical thinking is as much a set of habits and dispositions as a body of knowledge. The intellectual virtues are character traits conducive to good thinking. Intellectual humilit...