A free, self-paced textbook in 7 chapters. Read a chapter, then drill it with the 246 companion flashcards using spaced repetition.
Earth displays striking contrasts in scale, from the largest continent to the deepest ocean trench. Asia is the largest continent by area at roughly 44.5 million km², while Austral...
Earth's surface is shaped by the theory of plate tectonics, which holds that the lithosphere is broken into rigid plates that move and interact over geologic time. Where plates mov...
To locate places precisely, cartographers use an imaginary grid of lines based on latitude and longitude. The equator is the 0° latitude line that divides Earth into the Northern a...
Europe hosts an especially dense concentration of capital cities. Western Europe includes London (United Kingdom), Paris (France), Dublin (Ireland), Amsterdam (the Netherlands, wit...
Several large regions are defined as much by culture and history as by physical geography. Scandinavia typically refers to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, and often includes Finland a...
Although often used interchangeably in casual speech, weather and climate are distinct. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions in a particular place at a particular ti...
Human geography examines how people organize space, from sprawling megacities to global networks of trade and resources. A megacity is a city with more than 10 million inhabitants;...