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Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. At its most basic level, matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas. Solids have a definite shape and volume, l...
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of all known chemical elements, organized by increasing atomic number. It reveals periodic trends in chemical properties that recur across the table. Dmitri Mendeleev is credited with creating the modern version of this table in 1869. He arranged the elements by atomic mass a...
Atoms combine with one another through chemical bonds to form more stable arrangements. The two principal types of bonding are ionic and covalent. Ionic bonding occurs when a metal transfers one or more electrons to a nonmetal, creating positively and negatively charged ions, called cations and anions, which are then h...
A chemical reaction is a process in which reactants, the starting substances, are transformed into products through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. The substances that enter the reaction are reorganized at the atomic level to produce new substances with different properties. A balanced chemical equation rep...
The behavior of gases, liquids, and solids is explained by the kinetic molecular theory, which describes matter in terms of moving particles. According to this theory, the particles of a gas are in constant, random motion, have negligible volume compared to the space between them, and undergo elastic collisions in whic...
According to the Arrhenius definition, an acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, often written as \(H^+\) or \(H_3O^+\), when dissolved in water, as in the dissociation of hydrochloric acid. An Arrhenius base, by contrast, increases the concentration of hydroxide ions, \(OH^-\), in water...