A free, self-paced textbook in 5 chapters. Read a chapter, then drill it with the 86 companion flashcards using spaced repetition.
The Spanish present tense expresses habitual actions, current states, and general truths. Regular verbs fall into three conjugation classes based on their infinitive endings: -AR,...
The -ER verbs share an almost identical pattern with -IR verbs. Their shared endings are: -o (yo), -es (tú), -e (él/ella), and -en (ellos). The only difference lies in the nosotros...
A small set of high-frequency Spanish verbs deviate from regular patterns and must be memorized individually. The copula ser (to be, expressing identity) conjugates as soy, eres, e...
Stem-changing verbs modify their internal vowel in the stressed syllable of the present tense, but only in the singular forms and the third-person plural. The nosotros and vosotros...
Two of the most frequently confused Spanish verbs are ser and estar, both meaning 'to be.' Ser expresses identity, essence, and permanent characteristics such as nationality, profe...