Human Anatomy
Name the parts of the stomach.
Eye: cornea (refraction), iris (pupil control), lens (focus), retina (photoreceptors: rods/cones), optic nerve.
The skeletal system provides support, protection for organs, enables movement via muscle attachments, stores minerals like calcium, and produces blood cells in bone marrow.
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid as lymph, absorbs fats, provides immunity via nodes, spleen, thymus.
Stomach regions: cardia (entrance), fundus, body, pylorus (exit to duodenum).
Human Anatomy
Name the rotator cuff muscles.
Rotator cuff: supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (external rotation), teres minor (external), subscapularis (internal).
The conducting system includes sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
The five types are long bones (e.g., femur), short bones (e.g., carpals), flat bones (e.g., skull), irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae), and sesamoid bones (e.g., patella).
Synovial joints include articular cartilage, synovial membrane (secretes fluid), joint capsule, ligaments, and bursae for cushioning.
Human Anatomy
What is the function of the skeletal system?
The three main planes are the sagittal plane (divides body into left and right), coronal plane (divides into anterior and posterior), and transverse plane (divides into superior and inferior).
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped skeletal muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities, primary muscle of inspiration via contraction and flattening.
The skeletal system provides support, protection for organs, enables movement via muscle attachments, stores minerals like calcium, and produces blood cells in bone marrow.
Rotator cuff: supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (external rotation), teres minor (external), subscapularis (internal).
Human Anatomy
What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?
A long bone has a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth zone), periosteum (outer membrane), endosteum (inner lining), and medullary cavity (marrow space).
Skull: cranium (8: frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid), facial (14: maxillae, mandible, zygomatics, etc.).
The major body cavities are the dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal) and ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic).
The four primary tissue types are epithelial (covering and lining), connective (support and binding), muscle (contraction), and nervous (communication and control).
Human Anatomy
What are the bones of the hand?
Each lung has three lobes (right) or two (left), with bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli (300 million for gas exchange).
Hand: 8 carpals (wrist), 5 metacarpals (palm), 14 phalanges (fingers: 3 each except thumb 2).
The axial skeleton forms the central core (skull, vertebral column, rib cage; 80 bones), while the appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles (126 bones).
The liver has right/left lobes (functional: 8 segments), porta hepatis (vessels/ducts entry), hepatocytes in lobules around central veins.
Human Anatomy
Outline the nephron's filtration process.
Typical vertebra: body (weight-bearing), vertebral arch (pedicles, laminae), spinous/transverse processes, vertebral foramen (spinal cord).
The brain is protected by the skull, meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia mater), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ventricles and subarachnoid space, and the blood-brain barrier.
Filtration at glomerulus (blood pressure forces filtrate into Bowman's capsule), reabsorption (proximal tubule 65% water/glucose), secretion (distal), concentration (loop of Henle countercurrent).
Female: ovaries (follicles/oocytes), uterine tubes (fertilization), uterus (endometrium for implantation), vagina (birth canal), external vulva.
Human Anatomy
Describe the quadriceps femoris.
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid as lymph, absorbs fats, provides immunity via nodes, spleen, thymus.
Quadriceps femoris : rectus femoris, vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis; extend knee, originate femur, insert tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
Typical vertebra: body (weight-bearing), vertebral arch (pedicles, laminae), spinous/transverse processes, vertebral foramen (spinal cord).
Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis: hunger, thirst, temperature, hormones via pituitary, autonomic control.
Human Anatomy
Describe the small intestine sections.
The axial skeleton forms the central core (skull, vertebral column, rib cage; 80 bones), while the appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles (126 bones).
Small intestine: duodenum (25 cm, receives bile/pancreatic juice), jejunum (2.5 m, absorption), ileum (3.5 m, vitamin B12/ bile salts).
Stomach regions: cardia (entrance), fundus, body, pylorus (exit to duodenum).
Pelvic girdle: 2 hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis fused as os coxae), sacrum, coccyx.
Human Anatomy
What is the diaphragm's role?
Female: ovaries (follicles/oocytes), uterine tubes (fertilization), uterus (endometrium for implantation), vagina (birth canal), external vulva.
I Olfactory (smell), II Optic (vision), III Oculomotor (eye movement), IV Trochlear (eye), V Trigeminal (face sensation), VI Abducens (eye), VII Facial (facial expression), VIII Vestibulocochlear (hearing/balance), IX Glossopharyngeal (swallow/taste), X Vagus (parasympathetic/viscera), XI Accessory (shoulder), XII Hypoglossal (tongue).
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped skeletal muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities, primary muscle of inspiration via contraction and flattening.
The three types are fibrous (immovable, e.g., sutures), cartilaginous (slightly movable, e.g., intervertebral discs), and synovial (freely movable, e.g., knee).
Human Anatomy
Describe the blood-brain barrier.
The nervous system divides into central nervous system (CNS: brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS: nerves outside CNS, including sensory, motor, and autonomic divisions).
The conducting system includes sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Blood-brain barrier: tight junctions of capillary endothelial cells, astrocyte foot processes, basement membrane; selective for nutrients, blocks toxins.
Male: testes (seminiferous tubules produce sperm), epididymis (maturation), vas deferens, seminal vesicles/prostate (fluid), penis (urethra).
Human Anatomy
What is the neuromuscular junction?
Skin has epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous), dermis (connective tissue with glands/vessels), hypodermis (adipose subcutaneous).
The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber, where acetylcholine release triggers contraction.
The cerebrum has frontal (motor, executive function), parietal (sensory integration), temporal (auditory, memory), and occipital (visual) lobes.
The heart wall has three layers: epicardium (outer serous), myocardium (thick muscular middle), and endocardium (inner lining continuous with valves).
Human Anatomy
What is the conducting system of the heart?
Synovial joints include articular cartilage, synovial membrane (secretes fluid), joint capsule, ligaments, and bursae for cushioning.
The conducting system includes sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated (in organs), and cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and found only in the heart.
Quadriceps femoris : rectus femoris, vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis; extend knee, originate femur, insert tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
Human Anatomy
Outline the divisions of the nervous system.
Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fascicles (bundles of fibers), each fiber containing myofibrils with sarcomeres (actin and myosin).
The nervous system divides into central nervous system (CNS: brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS: nerves outside CNS, including sensory, motor, and autonomic divisions).
The heart wall has three layers: epicardium (outer serous), myocardium (thick muscular middle), and endocardium (inner lining continuous with valves).
Ear: external (pinna, canal), middle (ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes; Eustachian tube), inner (cochlea for hearing, semicircular canals/vestibule for balance).
Human Anatomy
Describe the structure of a long bone.
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid as lymph, absorbs fats, provides immunity via nodes, spleen, thymus.
A long bone has a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth zone), periosteum (outer membrane), endosteum (inner lining), and medullary cavity (marrow space).
Skin has epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous), dermis (connective tissue with glands/vessels), hypodermis (adipose subcutaneous).
Each lung has three lobes (right) or two (left), with bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli (300 million for gas exchange).
Human Anatomy
Describe the gross structure of skeletal muscle.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions: sympathetic (fight-or-flight, thoracolumbar), parasympathetic (rest-digest, craniosacral).
Cerebellum (little brain) coordinates voluntary movement, balance, posture; located posterior to brainstem in posterior cranial fossa.
A long bone has a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth zone), periosteum (outer membrane), endosteum (inner lining), and medullary cavity (marrow space).
Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fascicles (bundles of fibers), each fiber containing myofibrils with sarcomeres (actin and myosin).
Human Anatomy
What is a nephron?
Skull: cranium (8: frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid), facial (14: maxillae, mandible, zygomatics, etc.).
Shoulder girdle: clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade).
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated (in organs), and cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and found only in the heart.
The nephron is the functional unit: renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.
Human Anatomy
Name the 12 cranial nerves and their primary functions.
The skeletal system provides support, protection for organs, enables movement via muscle attachments, stores minerals like calcium, and produces blood cells in bone marrow.
I Olfactory (smell), II Optic (vision), III Oculomotor (eye movement), IV Trochlear (eye), V Trigeminal (face sensation), VI Abducens (eye), VII Facial (facial expression), VIII Vestibulocochlear (hearing/balance), IX Glossopharyngeal (swallow/taste), X Vagus (parasympathetic/viscera), XI Accessory (shoulder), XII Hypoglossal (tongue).
Ear: external (pinna, canal), middle (ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes; Eustachian tube), inner (cochlea for hearing, semicircular canals/vestibule for balance).
The four primary tissue types are epithelial (covering and lining), connective (support and binding), muscle (contraction), and nervous (communication and control).
Human Anatomy
Name the components of the eye.
Skin has epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous), dermis (connective tissue with glands/vessels), hypodermis (adipose subcutaneous).
Shoulder girdle: clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade).
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid as lymph, absorbs fats, provides immunity via nodes, spleen, thymus.
Eye: cornea (refraction), iris (pupil control), lens (focus), retina (photoreceptors: rods/cones), optic nerve.
Human Anatomy
What are the three main anatomical planes?
The conducting system includes sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
The heart wall has three layers: epicardium (outer serous), myocardium (thick muscular middle), and endocardium (inner lining continuous with valves).
The three main planes are the sagittal plane (divides body into left and right), coronal plane (divides into anterior and posterior), and transverse plane (divides into superior and inferior).
Arteries carry blood away from heart (thick, elastic walls), veins return to heart (thin walls, valves), capillaries are thin-walled exchange sites.
Human Anatomy
Describe male reproductive anatomy.
Male: testes (seminiferous tubules produce sperm), epididymis (maturation), vas deferens, seminal vesicles/prostate (fluid), penis (urethra).
The nephron is the functional unit: renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.
Skin has epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous), dermis (connective tissue with glands/vessels), hypodermis (adipose subcutaneous).
Each lung has three lobes (right) or two (left), with bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli (300 million for gas exchange).
Human Anatomy
What is the lymphatic system's role?
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid as lymph, absorbs fats, provides immunity via nodes, spleen, thymus.
Female: ovaries (follicles/oocytes), uterine tubes (fertilization), uterus (endometrium for implantation), vagina (birth canal), external vulva.
Each lung has three lobes (right) or two (left), with bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli (300 million for gas exchange).
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped skeletal muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities, primary muscle of inspiration via contraction and flattening.
Human Anatomy
What are the accessory digestive organs?
Accessory organs include salivary glands, liver (bile), gallbladder (bile storage), pancreas (enzymes and hormones).
The cerebrum has frontal (motor, executive function), parietal (sensory integration), temporal (auditory, memory), and occipital (visual) lobes.
Urinary tract: kidneys (form urine), ureters (transport), urinary bladder (stores), urethra (exits).
Each kidney has outer cortex (glomeruli), inner medulla (pyramids/calyces), renal pelvis (to ureter).
Human Anatomy
Describe endocrine glands and examples.
The nervous system divides into central nervous system (CNS: brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS: nerves outside CNS, including sensory, motor, and autonomic divisions).
The brain is protected by the skull, meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia mater), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ventricles and subarachnoid space, and the blood-brain barrier.
The five types are long bones (e.g., femur), short bones (e.g., carpals), flat bones (e.g., skull), irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae), and sesamoid bones (e.g., patella).
Endocrine glands are ductless, secrete hormones into blood: pituitary (master), thyroid (metabolism), adrenals (stress), pancreas (insulin), gonads.
Human Anatomy
Name major leg bones.
Blood-brain barrier: tight junctions of capillary endothelial cells, astrocyte foot processes, basement membrane; selective for nutrients, blocks toxins.
Female: ovaries (follicles/oocytes), uterine tubes (fertilization), uterus (endometrium for implantation), vagina (birth canal), external vulva.
Leg: femur (thigh), patella (kneecap), tibia (shin, weight-bearing), fibula (lateral support).
The brain is protected by the skull, meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia mater), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ventricles and subarachnoid space, and the blood-brain barrier.
Human Anatomy
Describe the heart's chambers and valves.
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure extending from the medulla oblongata to L1-L2 vertebra, with gray matter (H-shaped, neurons) centrally and white matter (myelinated tracts) peripherally.
Endocrine glands are ductless, secrete hormones into blood: pituitary (master), thyroid (metabolism), adrenals (stress), pancreas (insulin), gonads.
Four chambers: right/left atria (receive blood), right/left ventricles (pump blood).
Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis: hunger, thirst, temperature, hormones via pituitary, autonomic control.
Human Anatomy
What are prime movers, synergists, and antagonists?
Each lung has three lobes (right) or two (left), with bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli (300 million for gas exchange).
Urinary tract: kidneys (form urine), ureters (transport), urinary bladder (stores), urethra (exits).
Prime movers initiate action (e.g., biceps for flexion), synergists assist (brachialis), antagonists oppose (triceps).
Synovial joints include articular cartilage, synovial membrane (secretes fluid), joint capsule, ligaments, and bursae for cushioning.
Human Anatomy
Name the bones of the skull.
The cerebrum has frontal (motor, executive function), parietal (sensory integration), temporal (auditory, memory), and occipital (visual) lobes.
Synovial joints include articular cartilage, synovial membrane (secretes fluid), joint capsule, ligaments, and bursae for cushioning.
Rotator cuff: supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (external rotation), teres minor (external), subscapularis (internal).
Skull: cranium (8: frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid), facial (14: maxillae, mandible, zygomatics, etc.).
Human Anatomy
What protects the brain?
Ear: external (pinna, canal), middle (ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes; Eustachian tube), inner (cochlea for hearing, semicircular canals/vestibule for balance).
Shoulder girdle: clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade).
Male: testes (seminiferous tubules produce sperm), epididymis (maturation), vas deferens, seminal vesicles/prostate (fluid), penis (urethra).
The brain is protected by the skull, meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia mater), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ventricles and subarachnoid space, and the blood-brain barrier.
Human Anatomy
Describe ear divisions.
Cerebellum (little brain) coordinates voluntary movement, balance, posture; located posterior to brainstem in posterior cranial fossa.
Urinary tract: kidneys (form urine), ureters (transport), urinary bladder (stores), urethra (exits).
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid as lymph, absorbs fats, provides immunity via nodes, spleen, thymus.
Ear: external (pinna, canal), middle (ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes; Eustachian tube), inner (cochlea for hearing, semicircular canals/vestibule for balance).
Human Anatomy
Name the major body cavities.
The nervous system divides into central nervous system (CNS: brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS: nerves outside CNS, including sensory, motor, and autonomic divisions).
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure extending from the medulla oblongata to L1-L2 vertebra, with gray matter (H-shaped, neurons) centrally and white matter (myelinated tracts) peripherally.
Small intestine: duodenum (25 cm, receives bile/pancreatic juice), jejunum (2.5 m, absorption), ileum (3.5 m, vitamin B12/ bile salts).
The major body cavities are the dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal) and ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic).
Human Anatomy
Outline the respiratory tract divisions.
Rotator cuff: supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (external rotation), teres minor (external), subscapularis (internal).
Upper respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx; lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli in lungs.
Eye: cornea (refraction), iris (pupil control), lens (focus), retina (photoreceptors: rods/cones), optic nerve.
Synovial joints include articular cartilage, synovial membrane (secretes fluid), joint capsule, ligaments, and bursae for cushioning.
Human Anatomy
What are the five types of bones classified by shape?
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure extending from the medulla oblongata to L1-L2 vertebra, with gray matter (H-shaped, neurons) centrally and white matter (myelinated tracts) peripherally.
The five types are long bones (e.g., femur), short bones (e.g., carpals), flat bones (e.g., skull), irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae), and sesamoid bones (e.g., patella).
The major body cavities are the dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal) and ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic).
Prime movers initiate action (e.g., biceps for flexion), synergists assist (brachialis), antagonists oppose (triceps).
Human Anatomy
Outline female reproductive tract.
Female: ovaries (follicles/oocytes), uterine tubes (fertilization), uterus (endometrium for implantation), vagina (birth canal), external vulva.
Pelvic girdle: 2 hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis fused as os coxae), sacrum, coccyx.
The heart wall has three layers: epicardium (outer serous), myocardium (thick muscular middle), and endocardium (inner lining continuous with valves).
Quadriceps femoris : rectus femoris, vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis; extend knee, originate femur, insert tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
Human Anatomy
What are the three main types of joints?
Hand: 8 carpals (wrist), 5 metacarpals (palm), 14 phalanges (fingers: 3 each except thumb 2).
Endocrine glands are ductless, secrete hormones into blood: pituitary (master), thyroid (metabolism), adrenals (stress), pancreas (insulin), gonads.
The major body cavities are the dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal) and ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic).
The three types are fibrous (immovable, e.g., sutures), cartilaginous (slightly movable, e.g., intervertebral discs), and synovial (freely movable, e.g., knee).
Human Anatomy
Outline pelvic girdle.
The four primary tissue types are epithelial (covering and lining), connective (support and binding), muscle (contraction), and nervous (communication and control).
The major body cavities are the dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal) and ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic).
Pelvic girdle: 2 hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis fused as os coxae), sacrum, coccyx.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions: sympathetic (fight-or-flight, thoracolumbar), parasympathetic (rest-digest, craniosacral).
Human Anatomy
Describe kidney gross structure.
Four chambers: right/left atria (receive blood), right/left ventricles (pump blood).
Leg: femur (thigh), patella (kneecap), tibia (shin, weight-bearing), fibula (lateral support).
Each kidney has outer cortex (glomeruli), inner medulla (pyramids/calyces), renal pelvis (to ureter).
The cerebrum has frontal (motor, executive function), parietal (sensory integration), temporal (auditory, memory), and occipital (visual) lobes.
Human Anatomy
Distinguish between axial and appendicular skeleton.
Small intestine: duodenum (25 cm, receives bile/pancreatic juice), jejunum (2.5 m, absorption), ileum (3.5 m, vitamin B12/ bile salts).
Four chambers: right/left atria (receive blood), right/left ventricles (pump blood).
Each lung has three lobes (right) or two (left), with bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli (300 million for gas exchange).
The axial skeleton forms the central core (skull, vertebral column, rib cage; 80 bones), while the appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles (126 bones).
Human Anatomy
Describe the hypothalamus.
The skeletal system provides support, protection for organs, enables movement via muscle attachments, stores minerals like calcium, and produces blood cells in bone marrow.
Female: ovaries (follicles/oocytes), uterine tubes (fertilization), uterus (endometrium for implantation), vagina (birth canal), external vulva.
Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis: hunger, thirst, temperature, hormones via pituitary, autonomic control.
The conducting system includes sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Human Anatomy
Name the urinary tract.
Urinary tract: kidneys (form urine), ureters (transport), urinary bladder (stores), urethra (exits).
Pelvic girdle: 2 hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis fused as os coxae), sacrum, coccyx.
The liver has right/left lobes (functional: 8 segments), porta hepatis (vessels/ducts entry), hepatocytes in lobules around central veins.
Typical vertebra: body (weight-bearing), vertebral arch (pedicles, laminae), spinous/transverse processes, vertebral foramen (spinal cord).
Human Anatomy
What is the cerebellum's function and location?
The brain is protected by the skull, meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia mater), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ventricles and subarachnoid space, and the blood-brain barrier.
Endocrine glands are ductless, secrete hormones into blood: pituitary (master), thyroid (metabolism), adrenals (stress), pancreas (insulin), gonads.
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid as lymph, absorbs fats, provides immunity via nodes, spleen, thymus.
Cerebellum (little brain) coordinates voluntary movement, balance, posture; located posterior to brainstem in posterior cranial fossa.
Human Anatomy
What is the anatomical position?
Female: ovaries (follicles/oocytes), uterine tubes (fertilization), uterus (endometrium for implantation), vagina (birth canal), external vulva.
Typical vertebra: body (weight-bearing), vertebral arch (pedicles, laminae), spinous/transverse processes, vertebral foramen (spinal cord).
The anatomical position is a standard reference posture where the body stands upright facing the observer, feet together and parallel, arms at the sides with palms forward, and head and eyes directed forward.
The three main planes are the sagittal plane (divides body into left and right), coronal plane (divides into anterior and posterior), and transverse plane (divides into superior and inferior).
Human Anatomy
What are the layers of the skin?
The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber, where acetylcholine release triggers contraction.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated (in organs), and cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and found only in the heart.
Skin has epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous), dermis (connective tissue with glands/vessels), hypodermis (adipose subcutaneous).
Skull: cranium (8: frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid), facial (14: maxillae, mandible, zygomatics, etc.).
Human Anatomy
Describe the major lobes of the cerebrum.
Four chambers: right/left atria (receive blood), right/left ventricles (pump blood).
I Olfactory (smell), II Optic (vision), III Oculomotor (eye movement), IV Trochlear (eye), V Trigeminal (face sensation), VI Abducens (eye), VII Facial (facial expression), VIII Vestibulocochlear (hearing/balance), IX Glossopharyngeal (swallow/taste), X Vagus (parasympathetic/viscera), XI Accessory (shoulder), XII Hypoglossal (tongue).
The cerebrum has frontal (motor, executive function), parietal (sensory integration), temporal (auditory, memory), and occipital (visual) lobes.
Filtration at glomerulus (blood pressure forces filtrate into Bowman's capsule), reabsorption (proximal tubule 65% water/glucose), secretion (distal), concentration (loop of Henle countercurrent).
Human Anatomy
Describe lung structure.
Pelvic girdle: 2 hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis fused as os coxae), sacrum, coccyx.
Each lung has three lobes (right) or two (left), with bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli (300 million for gas exchange).
The major body cavities are the dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal) and ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic).
Rotator cuff: supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (external rotation), teres minor (external), subscapularis (internal).
Human Anatomy
What is the structure of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure extending from the medulla oblongata to L1-L2 vertebra, with gray matter (H-shaped, neurons) centrally and white matter (myelinated tracts) peripherally.
Rotator cuff: supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (external rotation), teres minor (external), subscapularis (internal).
The five types are long bones (e.g., femur), short bones (e.g., carpals), flat bones (e.g., skull), irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae), and sesamoid bones (e.g., patella).
Lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid as lymph, absorbs fats, provides immunity via nodes, spleen, thymus.
Human Anatomy
Outline liver anatomy.
Typical vertebra: body (weight-bearing), vertebral arch (pedicles, laminae), spinous/transverse processes, vertebral foramen (spinal cord).
The liver has right/left lobes (functional: 8 segments), porta hepatis (vessels/ducts entry), hepatocytes in lobules around central veins.
Accessory organs include salivary glands, liver (bile), gallbladder (bile storage), pancreas (enzymes and hormones).
Arteries carry blood away from heart (thick, elastic walls), veins return to heart (thin walls, valves), capillaries are thin-walled exchange sites.
Human Anatomy
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fascicles (bundles of fibers), each fiber containing myofibrils with sarcomeres (actin and myosin).
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated (in organs), and cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and found only in the heart.
The four primary tissue types are epithelial (covering and lining), connective (support and binding), muscle (contraction), and nervous (communication and control).
Skin has epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous), dermis (connective tissue with glands/vessels), hypodermis (adipose subcutaneous).
Human Anatomy
What is the structure of a vertebra?
Typical vertebra: body (weight-bearing), vertebral arch (pedicles, laminae), spinous/transverse processes, vertebral foramen (spinal cord).
The heart wall has three layers: epicardium (outer serous), myocardium (thick muscular middle), and endocardium (inner lining continuous with valves).
Cerebellum (little brain) coordinates voluntary movement, balance, posture; located posterior to brainstem in posterior cranial fossa.
The four primary tissue types are epithelial (covering and lining), connective (support and binding), muscle (contraction), and nervous (communication and control).