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Exam details
Infant (0-1 year), toddler (1-3 years), preschool (3-5 years), school-age (6-12 years), and teen/adolescent (13-18 years). Each stage has distinct physical, cognitive, and social milestones.
Object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. This is why babies begin to look for hidden toys and experience separation anxiety.
Toddlers are developing autonomy and a sense of self, but lack the language and emotional regulation skills to express their needs. This mismatch leads to frequent frustration, tantrums, and the use of "no" as they assert independence.
Parallel play is when children play alongside each other without directly interacting or sharing. It is most common during the toddler stage (ages 2-3) and is a normal precursor to cooperative play.
Preschoolers (preoperational stage) think egocentrically and struggle with logic and conservation tasks. School-age children (concrete operational stage) can think logically about concrete events, understand conservation, and see things from others' perspectives.