Academic German depends on a set of formulaic phrases that signal transitions, draw conclusions, and manage argumentation. Phrases like Wie aus der Tabelle hervorgeht (as the table shows) introduce evidence drawn from data, while Im Folgenden wird dargestellt (in the following, it will be presented) announces a new section of detailed exposition. For conclusions, Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass... (in summary, it can be said that...) and its variant Abschließend lässt sich festhalten, dass... (in conclusion, it can be noted that...) mark the closing argument. These phrases are not merely decorative but perform real organizational work, telling the reader what kind of move is about to be made.
Academic argumentation also requires phrases for assumptions, consequences, and counterarguments. The expression Es ist davon auszugehen, dass... (it can be assumed that...) signals a well-founded expectation and relies on the construction sein plus zu plus the infinitive. Daraus ergibt sich... (from this, it follows that...) draws conclusions from previously presented evidence, as in Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit weiterer Forschung. To introduce a contrasting viewpoint, one can use Dem ist entgegenzuhalten, dass..., Demgegenüber lässt sich anführen, dass..., or simply Kritiker hingegen vertreten die Auffassung, dass... Finally, Es bleibt festzuhalten, dass... (it must be noted that...) uses bleiben plus zu plus the infinitive to emphasize a key finding that the writer wants the reader to retain.
Business correspondence in German has its own conventional phrases that mark the register as formal and professional. Letters begin with Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren when the recipient is unknown, or Sehr geehrte Frau [Name] or Sehr geehrter Herr [Name] when known. The opening often references prior correspondence with Bezugnehmend auf Ihr Schreiben vom... (with reference to your letter of...), and the main message is introduced with phrases like Hiermit möchte ich Ihnen mitteilen, dass... (I hereby wish to inform you that...). Requests are framed politely with Ich bitte Sie höflich um... (I kindly request...) or Ich wäre Ihnen dankbar, wenn Sie... könnten (I would be grateful if you could...). Complaints follow the pattern Hiermit möchte ich eine Beschwerde bezüglich... einreichen or use reklamieren with explicit reference to the order or service in question.
Closings in business letters are equally conventional. The standard closing is Mit freundlichen Grüßen (kind regards), with no comma following it and the sender's name placed below. Slightly less formal alternatives include Mit freundlichem Gruß and Freundliche Grüße. For very formal correspondence, the phrase In Erwartung Ihrer baldigen Antwort verbleibe ich (awaiting your prompt reply, I remain) is traditional, though more modern alternatives like Ich freue mich auf Ihre Rückmeldung (I look forward to your feedback) and Für Rückfragen stehe ich Ihnen gerne zur Verfügung (I am happy to be available for any questions) are now more common. Enclosures are introduced with Beiliegend finden Sie... (enclosed you will find...) or, more typical in emails, Anbei sende ich Ihnen... (attached I am sending you...). Mastery of these conventional phrases allows advanced learners to produce professional correspondence that sounds authentically German.