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Prehistory spans from the emergence of Homo sapiens (~300,000 years ago) to the invention of writing (~3,200 BCE). During this vast period, humans developed tools, language, art, and social structures without leaving written records.
The Neolithic Revolution (~10,000 BCE) was the transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agriculture. It first occurred in the Fertile Crescent and led to permanent settlements, population growth, and the rise of complex societies.
The Agricultural Revolution began in the Fertile Crescent (modern-day Iraq, Syria, and Turkey) around 10,000 BCE. Crops like wheat and barley were among the first domesticated plants.
Domestication of animals (~10,000–4,000 BCE) provided reliable food sources (meat, milk, eggs), labor for farming, and transportation. It also led to the spread of zoonotic diseases, which later shaped immunity patterns across civilizations.
Sumer, located in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), is often regarded as the world's first civilization, emerging around 4,500 BCE. The Sumerians developed cuneiform writing, city-states, and complex irrigation systems.