To ask the time, say 现在几点 (xiànzài jǐ diǎn), where 几 means how many and 点 marks the hour. The response is something like 现在三点 (xiànzài sān diǎn). For minutes, use 分 (fēn), as in 三点十五分 (sān diǎn shíwǔ fēn). Days of the week follow the pattern 星期 plus a number, with 星期一 (Monday) through 星期六 (Saturday) and 星期日 or 星期天 (Sunday). To ask what day it is, say 今天星期几 (jīntiān xīngqī jǐ). The word 明天 (míngtiān) means tomorrow, 今天 (jīntiān) means today, 昨天 (zuótiān) means yesterday, and 后天 (hòutiān) means the day after tomorrow. To say see you tomorrow, use 明天见 (míngtiān jiàn) or 明天再见 (míngtiān zàijiàn). For later, say 回头见 (huítóu jiàn) or 待会儿见 (dāihuìr jiàn).
Weather descriptions use 天气 (tiānqì), as in 今天天气很好 (jīntiān tiānqì hěn hǎo, the weather is nice today). For rain, say 下雨, as in 今天下雨了 (jīntiān xià yǔ le, it is raining today). The particle 了 in this sentence marks a new situation. To describe how you feel physically, you can say 我很累 (wǒ hěn lèi, I am very tired), 我很冷 (wǒ hěn lěng, I am cold), or 我很热 (wǒ hěn rè, I am hot). The word 饿 means hungry, and 我饿了 (wǒ è le) means I am hungry.
Longer sentences often combine several of the patterns above. For example, 我明天要去机场 means I am going to the airport tomorrow, combining 我 plus 明天 plus 要 plus 去 plus 机场. 我每天学中文 means I study Chinese every day, combining 我 plus 每天 plus 学 plus 中文. The sentence 我住在纽约 means I live in New York, where 住在 (zhù zài) is the verb live in. To express that you have done something before, use the 过 particle, as in 我去过中国 (wǒ qù guò Zhōngguó). To form complex questions about time, use 什么时候 (shénme shíhou), as in 你什么时候来 (nǐ shénme shíhou lái, when will you come). The verb 觉得 (juéde) introduces an opinion, as in 我觉得太贵了 (wǒ juéde tài guì le, I think it is too expensive).