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English verb tenses allow speakers to indicate when an action takes place and whether it is ongoing, completed, or habitual. The simple tenses (present, past, future) form the foun...
Modal verbs add meaning to other verbs regarding ability, permission, obligation, possibility, and advice. "Can" expresses ability, possibility, or informal permission ("I can swim...
Conditional sentences describe situations and their possible or imagined results. The zero conditional expresses general truths using "if + present simple, present simple," as in "...
Articles specify whether nouns are definite or indefinite. The definite article "the" is used for specific nouns known to both speaker and listener, unique objects ("the sun"), sup...
Passive voice emphasizes the action's recipient rather than the doer. The basic structure moves the object of an active sentence to subject position and adds a form of "be" plus th...
Reported speech (or indirect speech) conveys what someone said without quoting directly. Statements typically use the verb "say" (without a person object) or "tell" (with a person...
Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun and are introduced by relative pronouns. Defining relative clauses identify the noun and use no commas: "The student wh...
Phrasal verbs combine a verb with a particle (preposition or adverb) to create idiomatic meanings. "Put off" means to postpone or discourage ("We put off the meeting," "The smell p...