German expresses wishes with Konjunktiv II, intensified by modal particles such as doch, nur, and bloß that lend emotional urgency. Two syntactic frames are common: an inverted verb-first form ("Hätte ich doch nur mehr Zeit!") and a subordinate-clause form introduced by wenn ("Wenn ich doch nur mehr Zeit hätte!"). Past wishes use Konjunktiv II Vergangenheit, i.e., hätte or wäre plus Partizip II: "Hätte ich bloß mehr gelernt!" or "Wenn ich doch nur mehr gelernt hätte!" Wishes about ability rely on the Konjunktiv II of modal verbs: "Könnte ich doch nur fliegen!" The inverted form tends to sound more emotional and emphatic.
Extended participial attributes (erweiterte Partizipialattribute) compress relative clauses into a participle phrase placed between the article and the noun — a hallmark of formal written German. Partizip I (formed by adding -d to the infinitive) has active meaning: "das schnell wachsende Unternehmen" (the fast-growing company). Partizip II (typically ge-...-t or irregular) has passive meaning or completed-action meaning: "die im letzten Jahr veröffentlichte Studie" (the study published last year), "der von allen Kollegen geschätzte Professor" (the professor respected by all colleagues), "die seit Langem erwarteten Ergebnisse" (the long-awaited results).
Both participles function as adjectives, but they describe different perspectives. Partizip I is active or causative: "ein faszinierender Vortrag" (a fascinating lecture), "das überraschende Ergebnis" (the surprising result). Partizip II is passive or experiential: "die faszinierten Zuhörer" (the fascinated audience), "der überraschte Zuschauer" (the surprised viewer). With intransitive verbs like anreisen, Partizip II signals completion rather than passivity: "die angereiste Delegation" (the delegation that has arrived).